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Home / Cintemporary Photography Portrait of Sleeping Women Under Couch Cushions Art

Cintemporary Photography Portrait of Sleeping Women Under Couch Cushions Art

Movable objects intended to support various man activities

Short visual history of furniture styles (from left to right): cloisonné plaque (Assyrian), Chair of Reniseneb (Ancient Egyptian), metal brazier with satyrs from Pompei (Greco-Roman), fall-forepart cabinet inlaid with ivory (Indian), low-dorsum armchair (Chinese), catafalque with images of Cupids (Byzantine), forest and ivory furniture fragment (Islamic), chest (Gothic), analogion (Romanian Medieval), sideboard with two bodies (Renaissance), gilded table (Bizarre), commode (Rococo), armchair with cornucopia (Louis Sixteen), secretary (Empire), fauteuil a joues armchair (19th century Eclecticism and/or Revivalism), vitrine (Art Nouveau), commode (Art Deco), IKEA kitchen cupboards and a table with drinking glass top (Contemporary)

Article of furniture refers to movable objects intended to back up diverse human activities such every bit seating (e.g., stools, chairs, and sofas), eating (tables), storing items, eating and/or working with an item, and sleeping (eastward.g., beds and hammocks). Furniture is likewise used to hold objects at a convenient height for piece of work (as horizontal surfaces above the ground, such every bit tables and desks), or to store things (e.g., cupboards, shelves, and drawers). Furniture can be a product of design and can be considered a form of decorative art. In addition to furniture'southward functional role, it can serve a symbolic or religious purpose. Information technology can be fabricated from a vast multitude of materials, including metal, plastic, and woods. Furniture can be made using a diversity of woodworking joints which often reflects the local culture.

People have been using natural objects, such equally tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the beginning of human civilization and continues today in some households/campsites. Archaeological enquiry shows that from around thirty,000 years agone, people started to construct and carve their own furniture, using forest, rock, and animate being bones. Early article of furniture from this catamenia is known from artwork such as a Venus figurine found in Russia, depicting the goddess on a throne. The first surviving extant piece of furniture is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers and beds all constructed from stone. Complex construction techniques such as joinery began in the early dynastic period of aboriginal Egypt. This era saw constructed wooden pieces, including stools and tables, sometimes busy with valuable metals or ivory. The evolution of furniture blueprint continued in ancient Hellenic republic and aboriginal Rome, with thrones beingness commonplace likewise as the klinai, multipurpose couches used for relaxing, eating, and sleeping. The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented. Furniture design expanded during the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, oftentimes aureate Baroque designs. The nineteenth century is usually divers by revival styles. The first iii-quarters of the twentieth century are often seen equally the march towards Modernism. One unique outgrowth of post-modernistic furniture design is a render to natural shapes and textures.[1]

Etymology [edit]

The English give-and-take furniture is derived from the French word fourniture ,[2] the noun grade of fournir , which means to supply or provide.[3] Thus fourniture in French ways supplies or provisions.[4] The English usage, referring specifically to household objects, is specific to that language;[5] French and other Romance languages besides as German utilise variants of the word meubles, which derives from Latin mobilia, pregnant "moveable appurtenances".[6]

History [edit]

Prehistory [edit]

The practice of using natural objects as rudimentary pieces of furniture likely dates to the beginning of human civilization.[7] Early humans are probable to accept used tree stumps every bit seats, rocks every bit rudimentary tables, and mossy areas for sleeping.[seven] During the tardily Paleolithic or early Neolithic period, from around xxx,000 years agone, people began constructing and etching their own furniture, using woods, stone and animal bones.[8] The earliest evidence for the beingness of constructed piece of furniture is a Venus figurine establish at the Gagarino site in Russia, which depicts the goddess in a sitting position, on a throne.[ix] A similar statue of a seated adult female was found in Catal Huyuk in Turkey, dating to between 6000 and 5500 BCE.[seven] The inclusion of such a seat in the figurines implies that these were already common artefacts of that age.[nine]

A range of unique stone piece of furniture has been excavated in Skara Brae, a Neolithic village in Orkney, Scotland The site dates from 3100 to 2500 BCE and due to a shortage of wood in Orkney, the people of Skara Brae were forced to build with stone, a readily available material that could be worked easily and turned into items for utilize within the household. Each business firm shows a high caste of sophistication and was equipped with an extensive assortment of stone article of furniture, ranging from cupboards, dressers, and beds to shelves, stone seats, and limpet tanks. The rock dresser was regarded as the most of import every bit it symbolically faces the entrance in each house and is therefore the first item seen when entering, perhaps displaying symbolic objects, including decorative artwork such every bit several Neolithic carved stone balls likewise plant at the site.

  • A dresser with shelves furnish a house in Skara Brae, a settlement in what is at present Scotland that was occupied from virtually 3180-2500 BC

  • Cucuteni figurine staying on a miniature chair; 4750-4700 BC; ceramic; discoeved at Târpești (modern-day Romania); Archaeology Museum Piatra Neamț

Antiquity [edit]

Ancient furniture has been excavated from the 8th-century BCE Phrygian tumulus, the Midas Mound, in Gordion, Turkey. Pieces plant here include tables and inlaid serving stands. There are likewise surviving works from the 9th-8th-century BCE Assyrian palace of Nimrud. The primeval surviving carpet, the Pazyryk Carpet was discovered in a frozen tomb in Siberia and has been dated between the 6th and tertiary century BCE.

Aboriginal Egypt [edit]

Civilization in ancient Arab republic of egypt began with the clearance and irrigation of state along the banks of the River Nile,[x] which began in about 6000 BCE. By that time, society in the Nile Valley was already engaged in organized agriculture and the construction of large buildings.[xi] At this period, Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Arab republic of egypt were herding cattle and also constructing large buildings. Mortar was in utilize by around 4000 BCE The inhabitants of the Nile Valley and delta were cocky-sufficient and were raising barley and emmer (an early variety of wheat) and stored it in pits lined with reed mats.[12] They raised cattle, goats and pigs and they wove linens and baskets.[12] Prove of piece of furniture from the predynastic period is scarce, but samples from First Dynasty tombs betoken an already avant-garde use of furnishings in the houses of the historic period.[thirteen]

During the dynastic menses, which began in around 3200 BCE, Egyptian art developed significantly, and this included article of furniture design.[14] Egyptian furniture was primarily synthetic using woods, but other materials were sometimes used, such every bit leather,[15] and pieces were often adorned with aureate, silver, ivory and ebony, for decoration.[15] Wood establish in Egypt was not suitable for article of furniture construction, then it had to be imported into the country from other places,[14] particularly Phoenicia.[16] The scarcity of wood necessitated innovation in construction techniques. The use of scarf joints to join 2 shorter pieces together and grade a longer beam was one case of this,[17] as well as construction of veneers in which low quality cheap wood was used equally the main edifice material, with a sparse layer of expensive wood on the surface.[xviii]

The earliest used seating article of furniture in the dynastic period was the stool, which was used throughout Egyptian society, from the royal family downwardly to ordinary citizens.[nineteen] Diverse different designs were used, including stools with four vertical legs, and others with crossed splayed legs; almost all had rectangular seats, however.[xix] Examples include the workman's stool, a uncomplicated three legged structure with a concave seat, designed for condolement during labour,[20] and the much more ornate folding stool, with crossed folding legs,[21] which were busy with carved duck heads and ivory,[21] and had hinges made of bronze.[19] Full chairs were much rarer in early Egypt, being limited to merely wealthy and high ranking people, and seen equally a status symbol; they did non accomplish ordinary households until the 18th dynasty.[22] Early examples were formed past adding a directly back to a stool, while later chairs had an inclined dorsum.[22] Other furniture types in aboriginal Egypt include tables, which are heavily represented in art, but near nonexistent as preserved items – perhaps because they were placed outside tombs rather than inside,[23] besides as beds and storage chests.[24] [25]

  • Stool with woven seat; 1991–1450 BC; wood & reed; height: 13 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Jewelry breast of Sithathoryunet; 1887–1813 BC; ebony, ivory, gold, carnelian, blue faience and silver; acme: 36.vii cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Chair of Hatnefer; 1492–1473 BC; boxwood, cypress, ebony & linen cord; height: 53 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Fine art

Ancient Greece [edit]

3 illustrations of aboriginal Greek chairs, each being notated with a letter: a, b-klismos, and c-chair

Historical cognition of Greek furniture is derived from diverse sources, including literature, terracotta, sculptures, statuettes, and painted vases.[26] Some pieces survive to this day, primarily those constructed from metals, including bronze, or marble.[26] Wood was an important and mutual material in Greek furniture, both domestic and imported.[26] A common technique was to construct the chief sections of the furniture with cheap solid forest, and so apply a veneer using an expensive wood, such as maple or ebony.[26] Greek furniture structure also made apply of dowels and tenons for joining the wooden parts of a slice together.[26] Forest was shaped by carving, steam handling, and the lathe, and furniture is known to take been decorated with ivory, tortoise shell, glass, gold or other precious materials.[27]

The modernistic discussion "throne" is derived from the ancient Greek thronos (Greek singular: θρόνος), which was a seat designated for deities or individuals of high status/bureaucracy or honor.[28] The jumbo chryselephantine statue of Zeus at Olympia, synthetic by Phidias and lost in antiquity, featured the god Zeus seated on an elaborate throne, which was decorated with aureate, precious stones, ebony and ivory, according to Pausanias.[29] Other Greek seats included the klismos, an elegant Greek chair with a curved backrest and legs whose form was copied by the Romans and is now part of the vocabulary of furniture design,[30] the backless stool (diphros), which existed in almost Greek homes,[31] and folding stool.[32] The kline, used from the late seventh century BCE,[33] was a multipurpose slice used as a bed, but as well as a sofa and for reclining during meals.[34] It was rectangular and supported on four legs, 2 of which could be longer than the other, providing support for an armrest or headboard.[35] Mattresses, rugs, and blankets may have been used, just in that location is no show for sheets.[34]

In full general, Greek tables were depression and frequently appear in depictions alongside klinai.[36] The most common type of Greek table had a rectangular top supported on three legs, although numerous configurations be, including trapezoid and round.[37] Tables in ancient Greece were used mostly for dining purposes – in depictions of banquets, it appears as though each participant would accept utilized a unmarried table, rather than a commonage use of a larger piece.[38] Tables besides figured prominently in religious contexts, as indicated in vase paintings, for example, the wine vessel associated with Dionysus, dating to around 450 BCE and now housed at the Art Establish of Chicago.[39] Chests were used for storage of clothes and personal items and were usually rectangular with hinged lids.[37] Chests depicted in terracotta show elaborate patterns and blueprint, including the Greek fret.[34]

  • Rod tripod stand; early 6th century BC; bronze; overall: 75.2 x 44.five cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Ancient Rome [edit]

Roman furniture was based heavily on Greek furniture, in style and structure. Rome gradually superseded Greece every bit the foremost culture of Europe, leading eventually to Greece becoming a province of Rome in 146 BC. Rome thus took over production and distribution of Greek furniture, and the boundary between the 2 is blurred. The Romans did have some limited innovation outside of Greek influence, and styles distinctly their own.[xl]

Roman furniture was constructed principally using forest, metal and stone, with marble and limestone used for outside furniture. Very picayune wooden article of furniture survives intact, but there is prove that a variety of woods were used, including maple, citron, beech, oak, and holly. Some imported wood such as satinwood was used for decoration. The most commonly used metal was bronze, of which numerous examples have survived, for example, headrests for couches and metal stools. Similar to the Greeks, Romans used tenons, dowels, nails, and glue to join wooden pieces together, and too practised veneering.[twoscore]

The 1738 and 1748 excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii revealed Roman furniture, preserved in the ashes of the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.

  • Illustration of Roman piece of furniture details, from 1900, very similar with Empire way furniture

  • Couch and footstool with bone carvings and drinking glass inlays; 1st–second century AD; forest, bone and drinking glass; burrow: 105.iv × 76.2 × 214.6 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Middle Ages [edit]

In contrast to the aboriginal civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, in that location is comparatively trivial evidence of article of furniture from the 5th to the 15th century.[41] Very few extant pieces survive, and testify in literature is also scarce.[41] It is likely that the style of furniture prevalent in late antiquity persisted throughout the centre ages.[41] For case, a throne similar to that of Zeus is depicted in a sixth-century diptych,[41] while the Bayeux tapestry shows Edward the Confessor and Harold seated on seats similar to the Roman sella curulis.[42] The furniture of the Middle Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented with carved designs.

The Hellenistic influence upon Byzantine furniture tin exist seen through the utilize of acanthus leaves, palmettes, bay and olive leaves every bit ornaments. Oriental influences manifest through rosettes, arabesques and the geometric stylisation of certain vegetal motifs. Christianity brings symbols in Byzantine ornamentation: the pigeon, fishes, the lamb and vines.[43] The furniture from Byzantine houses and palaces was usually luxurious, highly busy and finely ornamented. Stone, marble, metal, wood and ivory are used. Surfaces and ornaments are gilded, painted plychrome, plated with sheets of gold, emailed in bright colors, and covered in precious stones. The variety of Byzantine furniture is pretty big: tables with square, rectangle or round height, sumptuous decorated, fabricated of wood sometimes inlaid, with bronze, ivory or silver ornaments; chairs with high backs and with wool blankets or animate being furs, with coloured pillows, and so banks and stools; wardrobes were used only for storing books; cloths and valuable objects were kept in chests, with iron locks; the course of beds imitated the roman ones, simply accept different designs of legs.[44]

The chief ornamentation of Gothic furniture and all applied arts is the ogive. The geometric rosette accompanies the ogive many times, having a large variety of forms. Architectural elements are used at furniture, at the beginning with purely decorative reasons, only later every bit structure elements. Besides the ogive, the main ornaments are: acanthus leaves, ivy, oak leaves, haulms, clovers, fleurs-de-lis, knights with shields, heads with crowns and characters from the Bible. Chests are the primary type of Gothic furniture used past the bulk of the population. Unremarkably, the locks and escutcheon of chests accept also an ornamental scope, being finely made.[45]

  • Gothic coffret (Minnekästchen); circa 1325–1350; oak, inlay, tempera, wrought-iron mounts; overall: 12.ane x 27.3 10 sixteen.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

  • Gothic chest; late 15th century; forest; 30.two ten 29.ii 10 39.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Gothic breast; late 15th century; walnut and iron; overall: 47 x 38.7 ten 75.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Fine art

Renaissance [edit]

Along with the other arts, the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century marked a rebirth in pattern, oft inspired by the Greco-Roman tradition. A like explosion of design, and renaissance of culture in general occurred in Northern Europe, starting in the fifteenth century.

  • Wardrobe; c.1530; carved walnut; peak: 230 cm; Château d'Écouen[49]

  • Cupboard; c.1570; woods; height: 246 cm; Château d'Écouen[50]

  • Closet; c. 1580; walnut and oak, partially gilded and painted; pinnacle: 2.06 thou, width: i.fifty m; Louvre[51]

17th and 18th centuries [edit]

The 17th century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs that frequently incorporated a profusion of vegetal and scrolling ornament. Starting in the eighteenth century, furniture designs began to develop more speedily. Although there were some styles that belonged primarily to one nation, such as Palladianism in United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland or Louis Quinze in French furniture, others, such as the Rococo and Neoclassicism were perpetuated throughout Western Europe.

During the 18th century, the manner was set up in England by the French art. In the kickoff of the century Boulle cabinets were at the peak of their popularity and Louis 14 was reigning in France. In this era, most of the furniture had metal and enamelled decorations in it and some of the furniture was covered in inlays of marbles lapis lazuli, and porphyry and other stones. By mid-century this Bizarre style was displaced by the graceful curves, shining ormolu, and intricate marquetry of the Rococo style, which in plough gave fashion effectually 1770 to the more than severe lines of Neoclassicism, modeled after the architecture of ancient Greece and Rome.[52] Creating a mass market for furniture, the distinguished London chiffonier maker Thomas Chippendale'south The Gentleman and Cabinet Maker's Director (1754) is regarded as the "start comprehensive trade catalogue of its kind".[53]

There is something and then distinct in the evolution of taste in French piece of furniture, marked out by the three styles to which the three monarchs take given the name of "Louis Quatorze", "Louis Quinze", and "Louis Seize". This volition be axiomatic to anyone who volition visit, first the Palace of Versailles, then the Thousand Trianon, and afterwards the Petit Trianon.[54]

  • Baroque 4-poster bed from the Château d'Effiat; c.1650; natural walnut, chiselled Genoa silk velvet and embroidered silks; 295 cm; Louvre[55]

  • Baroque cupboard; past André Charles Boulle; c.1700; ebony and amaranth veneering, polychrome woods, contumely, tin, shell, and horn marquetry on an oak frame, gilt-statuary; 255.five x 157.v cm; Louvre[57]

  • Baroque commode; by André Charles Boulle; c.1710-1732; walnut veneered with ebony and marquetry of engraved brass and tortoiseshell, gilt-bronze mounts, antique marble top; 87.6 10 128.3 x 62.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)[58]

  • Baroque camber-front desk-bound; by Heinrich Ludwig Rohde or Ferdinand Plitzner; c.1715–1725; marquetry with maple, amaranth, mahogany, and walnut on spruce and oak; 90 × 84 × 44.5 cm; Art Found of Chicago[59]

  • Rococo panel table; 18th century; carved and gilded wood, marble top; 63.2 × 60 × 25.iv cm; Metropolitan Museum of Fine art

  • Rococo commode; by Charles Cressent; c.1745-1749; pine and oak veneered with amaranth and bois satiné, walnut, oak, pine; gilt-bronze, portoro marble top; 87.vi ten 139.7 ten 57.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Rococo side tabular array (commode en console); by Bernard II van Risamburgh; c.1755-1760; Japanese lacquer, aureate-bronze and Sarrancolin marble top; height: 90.two cm; Metropolitan Museum of Fine art

  • Louis Sixteen mode ringlet-peak desk-bound of Marie-Antoinette; by Jean-Henri Riesener; 1784; oak and pino frame, sycamore, amaranth and rosewood veneer, bronze gilt; 103.6 x 113.4 cm; Louvre[63]

  • Louis XVI way writing table of Marie-Antoinette; by Adam Weisweiler; 1784; oak, ebony and sycamore veneer, Japanese lacquer, steel, bronze gilded; 73.vii x 81. 2 cm; Louvre[64]

  • Louis XVI way folding stool (pliant); 1786; carved and painted beechwood, covered in pink silk; 46.4 × 68.6 × 51.iv cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Louis XVI style armchair (fauteuil) from Louis XVI's Salon des Jeux at Saint Cloud; 1788; carved and gilt walnut, gold brocaded silk (not original); overall: 100 × 74.nine × 65.one cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

19th century [edit]

The nineteenth century is commonly divers by concurrent revival styles, including Gothic, Neoclassicism, and Rococo. The design reforms of the late century introduced the Artful movement and the Arts and Crafts movement. Art Nouveau was influenced by both of these movements. Shaker-style furniture became popular during this fourth dimension in North America as well.

  • Empire console table; 1804-1814; mahogany, gilded bronze, chiseled gilt bronze and fossil gray marble; 91.5 x 154 x 73.5 cm; Musée des Arts Décoratifs (Paris)[65]

Early North American [edit]

This pattern was in many ways rooted in necessity and emphasizes both form and materials. Early British Colonial American[ vague ] chairs and tables are ofttimes constructed with turned spindles and chair backs oft constructed with steaming to bend the woods. Wood choices tend to exist deciduous hardwoods with a particular emphasis on the wood of edible or fruit bearing trees such as blood-red or walnut.[ citation needed ]

Modernism [edit]

The commencement 3-quarters of the twentieth century is often seen every bit the march towards Modernism. Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Jugendstil, Wiener Werkstätte, and Vienna Secession designers all worked to some degree within the Modernist idiom. Born from the Bauhaus and Art Deco/Streamline styles came the mail WWII "Mid-Century Mod" style using materials developed during the state of war including laminated plywood, plastics, and fiberglass. Prime number examples include article of furniture designed by George Nelson Associates, Charles and Ray Eames, Paul McCobb, Florence Knoll, Harry Bertoia, Eero Saarinen, Harvey Probber, Vladamir Kagan and Danish modern designers including Finn Juhl and Arne Jacobsen. Postmodern design, intersecting the Popular art movement, gained steam in the 1960s and 70s, promoted in the 80s past groups such every bit the Italy-based Memphis motility. Transitional piece of furniture is intended to fill a place between Traditional and Modern tastes.

Stainless Steel Table with FSC Teca Wood - Brazil Ecodesign

Ecodesign [edit]

Swell efforts from individuals, governments, and companies has led to the manufacturing of products with higher sustainability known as Ecodesign. This new line of article of furniture is based on environmentally friendly pattern. Its utilize and popularity are increasing each yr.[lxx]

Contemporary [edit]

One unique outgrowth of post-modern furniture pattern is Live edge, heralding a return to natural shapes and textures within the habitation.[1]

Asian history [edit]

Asian furniture has a quite distinct history. The traditions out of India, China, Korea, Islamic republic of pakistan, Republic of indonesia (Bali and Java) and Nippon are some of the best known, but places such as Mongolia, and the countries of South Eastern asia accept unique facets of their own.

Far Eastern [edit]

Detail of a Chinese moon-gate bed from circa 1876

The use of uncarved wood and bamboo and the use of heavy lacquers are well known Chinese styles. Information technology is worth noting that Chinese furniture varies dramatically from one dynasty to the next. Chinese ornamentation is highly inspired past paintings, with floral and constitute life motifs including bamboo trees, chrysanthemums, waterlilies, irises, magnolias, flowers and branches of cherry, apple, apricot and plum, or elongated bamboo leaves; animal ornaments include lions, bulls, ducks, peacocks, parrots, pheasants, roosters, ibises and butterflies. The dragon is the symbol of world fertility, and of the power and wisdom of the emperor. Lacquers are mostly populated with princesses, various Chinese people, soldiers, children, ritually and daily scenes. Architectural features tend toward geometric ornaments, like meanders and labyrinths. The interior of a Chinese house was simple and sober. All Chinese furniture is fabricated of woods, usually ebony, teak, or rosewood for heavier article of furniture (chairs, tables and benches) and bamboo, pino and larch for lighter article of furniture (stools and small chairs).[71]

Traditional Japanese furniture is well known for its minimalist style, extensive use of wood, high-quality craftsmanship and reliance on wood grain instead of painting or thick lacquer. Japanese chests are known as Tansu, known for elaborate decorative iron work, and are some of the most sought-after of Japanese antiques. The antiques bachelor more often than not appointment dorsum to the Tokugawa and Meiji periods. Both the technique of lacquering and the specific lacquer (resin of Rhus vernicifera) originated in China, just the lacquer tree also grows well in Nihon. The recipes of preparation are original to Nihon: resin is mixed with wheat flour, clay or pottery pulverization, turpentine, iron powder or wood coal. In ornamentation, the chrysanthemum, known as kiku, the national flower, is a very pop ornament, including the 16-petal chrysanthemum symbolizing the Emperor. Cerise and apple flowers are used for decorating screens, vases and shōji. Mutual animal ornaments include dragons, carps, cranes, gooses, tigers, horses and monkeys; representations of architecture such every bit houses, pavilions, towers, torii gates, bridges and temples are likewise common. The article of furniture of a Japanese firm consists of tables, shelves, wardrobes, small holders for flowers, bonsais or for bonkei, boxes, lanterns with wooden frames and translucent paper, cervix and elbow holders, and jardinieres.[72]

  • Japanese chest with cartouche showing figures on donkeys in a landscape; 1750–1800; carved red lacquer on wood core with metal fittings and jade lock; 30.64 ten xxx.16 x 12.7 cm; Los Angeles Canton Museum of Art (U.s.a.)

  • Japanese tiered food Box with stand; late 18th century; red lacquer over a forest core, with litharge painting and engraved gold designs; overall: 53 10 68 cm; Cleveland Museum of Fine art

  • Japanese writing tabular array; early 20th century; lacquered wood with silver fittings and diverse other materials; peak: 12.3 cm, length: 60.96 cm, width: 36.83 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City)

Types [edit]

For sitting [edit]

Seating is amidst the oldest known article of furniture types, and authors including Encyclopædia Britannica regard information technology as the well-nigh important.[ii] In boosted to the functional design, seating has had an important decorative element from ancient times to the present twenty-four hours. This includes carved and sculpted pieces intended as works of fine art, besides equally the styling of seats to indicate social importance, with senior figures or leaders granted the use of specially designed seats.[2]

The simplest course of seat is the chair,[73] which is a article of furniture designed to permit a single person to sit down downwardly, which has a back and legs, every bit well as a platform for sitting.[74] Chairs often characteristic cushions made from various fabrics.[75]

  • Ancient Egyptian armchair of Tutankhamun; 1336-1326 BC; forest, ebony, ivory and golden leaf; height: 71 cm; Exposition of Tutankhamun Treasure in Paris (2019)

  • Louis Xvi armchair (Fauteuil à la reine); 1780–1785; carved and gilded walnut, and embroidered silk satin; tiptop: 102.ii cm, width: 74.9 cm, depth: 77.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Louis Sixteen settee; designed in circa 1786, woven 1790–91, settee frame from the second half 19th century; carved and gilt woods, with wool and silk; 107.3 × 191.five × 71.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Types of wood used [edit]

All different types of wood have unique signature marks that tin help in easy identification of the type. Both hardwoods and softwoods are used in furniture manufacturing, and each has its own specific uses.[76] Common softwoods used include pine, redwood and yew. Higher quality furniture tends to be made out of hardwood, including oak, maple, mahogany, teak, walnut, cerise and birch. Highest quality wood will accept been air stale to rid it of its wet.[77]

Standards for blueprint, functionality and rubber [edit]

Installment by L. Gargantini for the Bolzano fair, 1957. Photo by Paolo Monti (Fondo Paolo Monti, BEIC).

  • EN 527 Office furniture – Work tables and desks
  • EN 1335 Role furniture – Office work chair
  • ANSI/BIFMA 10 5.i Office Seating
  • DIN 4551 Office piece of furniture; revolving office chair with adjustable back with or without arm rests, adaptable in height
  • EN 581 Outdoor furniture – Seating and tables for camping, domestic and contract use
  • EN 1728:2014 Furniture – Seating – Test methods for the determination of strength and durability– updated in 2014.[78]
  • EN 1730:2012 Furniture – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength and durability.
  • BS 4875 Furniture. Strength and stability of furniture. Methods for conclusion of stability of non-domestic storage article of furniture (British Standard)
  • EN 747 Article of furniture – Bunk beds and high beds – Test methods for the decision of stability, strength and durability
  • EN 13150 Workbenches for laboratories – Rubber requirements and examination methods
  • EN 1729 Educational piece of furniture, chairs and tables for educational institutions[79]
  • RAL-GZ 430 Furniture standard from Deutschland
  • NEN 1812 Furniture standard from kingdom of the netherlands
  • GB 28007-2011 Children'south furniture – General technical requirements for children's furniture designed and manufactured for children between three and fourteen years erstwhile
  • BS 5852: 2006 Methods of test for cess of the ignitability of upholstered seating by smouldering and flaming ignition sources
  • BS 7176: Specification for resistance to ignition of upholstered article of furniture for non-domestic seating by testing composites

See also [edit]

  • Casters which make some furniture moveable
  • Article of furniture designer
  • Article of furniture museum
  • Metal furniture
  • Multifunctional furniture

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b Gray, Channing. "Haute and cool: Fine Furnishings show branches out in 10th year with a bigger spread of classic and cutting-edge pieces". The Providence Journal.
  2. ^ a b c "Article of furniture". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 February 2016. Archived from the original on xvi May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  3. ^ "English Translation of "fournir"". Collins French-English Dictionary.
  4. ^ "English language Translation of "fourniture"". Collins French-English Dictionary.
  5. ^ Weekley 2013, pp. 609–610.
  6. ^ Solodow 2010, p. 146.
  7. ^ a b c Smardzewski 2015, p. 4.
  8. ^ Smardzewski 2015, p. 1.
  9. ^ a b Smardzewski 2015, p. ii.
  10. ^ Roebuck 1966, p. 51.
  11. ^ Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: Academy Press, 1992), p. 6.
  12. ^ a b Roebuck 1966, p. 52.
  13. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Fine art 1999, p. 117.
  14. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 1.
  15. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 14.
  16. ^ Gadalla 2007, p. 243.
  17. ^ Smardzewski 2015, pp. xiii–fourteen.
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References [edit]

  • Bailey, Gauvin Alexander (2012). Baroque & Rococo. Phaidon. ISBN978-0-7148-5742-viii.
  • Blakemore, Robbie Thousand. (2006). History of interior design & furniture: from ancient Egypt to nineteenth-century Europe. J. Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-0-471-46433-4.
  • Bucătaru, Marina (1991). Stiluri și Ornamente la Mobilier (in Romanaian). Editura Didactică și Pedagogică. ISBN973-30-1079-0.
  • Gadalla, Moustafa (2007). The Ancient Egyptian Culture Revealed. Tehuti Enquiry Foundation. ISBN978-1-931446-27-three.
  • Litchfield, Frederick (2011). Illustrated History of Furniture. Arcturus Publishing. ISBN978-1-84837-803-ii.
  • Lucie-Smith, Edward (1979). Furniture: A Curtailed History. Thames and Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-18173-seven.
  • Metropolitan Museum of Art (1999). Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN978-0-87099-907-9.
  • Richter, Yard.K.A. (1966). The Piece of furniture of the Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans . Phaidon.
  • Roebuck, Carl (1966). The Globe of Ancient Times. New York: Charles Schribner'southward Sons Publishing.
  • Smardzewski, Jerzy (2015). Furniture Design. Springer. ISBN978-three-319-19533-9.
  • Solodow, Joseph B. (2010). Latin Alive: The Survival of Latin in English language and the Romance Languages. Cambridge Academy Press. ISBN978-1-139-48471-8.
  • Weekley, Ernest (2013). An Etymological Lexicon of Modern English language. Courier Corporation. ISBN978-0-486-12287-8.
  • Wanscher, Ole (1980). Sella Curulis: The Folding Stool, an Ancient Symbol of Dignity. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger.

External links [edit]

  • Images of online furniture design available from the Visual Arts Information Service (VADS) – including images from the Blueprint Council Slide Collection.
  • History of Furniture Timeline Archived xiv January 2020 at the Wayback Automobile From Maltwood Art Museum and Gallery, Academy of Victoria
  • Illustrated History Of Furniture
  • Home Economics Archive: Tradition, Research, History (HEARTH)
    An e-book collection of over one,000 books on home economic science spanning 1850 to 1950, created by Cornell University's Mann Library. Includes several hundred works on piece of furniture and interior design in this menstruation, itemized in a specific bibliography.
  • American Piece of furniture in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, a fully digitized 2 volume exhibition catalog

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture